Ilpo Huhtaniemi
It is well established in various experimental models that luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulated testosterone (T) production of Leydig cells is the key endocrine stimulus of spermatogenesis. The role of the other gonadotrophin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), is as yet somewhat unclear given that several clinical conditions …
Marko Kaleva and Jorma Toppari
Testicular descent is an essential part of normal male sexual development. Any anomaly that disrupts normal testicular descent will be clinically evident as cryptorchidism. Several factors, such as Hoxa-10, epidermal growth factor (EGF), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and hormones, especially androgens and insulin-like factor 3
Charalampos Mamoulakis, Spyridon Antypas, Frank Sofras, Atsushi Takenaka, Nikolaos Sofikitis
Normal testicular descent (TD) is known to be a complex, multistage process involving the interplay of different anatomical structures, hormones, environmental and genetic factors, but its purpose and the exact etiology of TD impairment remain largely unknown …