Ioannis Kyrou, Constantine Tsigos
Chronic stress represents a prolonged state of dyshomeostasis caused by intense and frequently imposed stressors. Obesity constitutes a chronic dysmetabolic state, leading progressively to a spectrum of metabolic complications, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Α growing body of evidence supports the existence of significant interactions between stress and obesity …
Waldemar Kanczkowski, Mariko Sue, Stefan R. Bornstein
The adrenal gland is a key component of the stress system in the human body. Multiple direct and paracrine interactions between different cell types and their progenitors take place within the adrenal gland microenvironment. These unique interactions are supported by high vascularization and the adrenal cortex extracellular matrix. Alterations in the adrenal gland microenvironment are known to influence the progression of several pathological conditions, such as obesity and sepsis, and to be influenced …
Mehmet Kirnap, Hulusi Atmaca, Fatih Tanriverdi, Osman Ozsoy, Kursad Unluhizarci, Fahrettin Kelestimur
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis via the insulin-tolerance test (ITT), standard-dose (250 μg) ACTH test (SDT) and low-dose (1 μg) ACTH test (LDT) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). DESIGN: The study group included 13 male patients with AS who were diagnosed according to the Modified New York criteria …