Eustratios V. Gotzaridis, Athina Markou, Zdenek Gregor
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus experience a high incidence of severe ocular complications and are more likely to have significant ocular problems during their lifetimes. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), however, make up the majority of clinical cases with diabetic eye disease because of the higher incidence of DM2…
Kyriakos Ioannou
Diabetic nephropathy is defined as a microvascular complication of the kidneys induced by diabetes mellitus and is characterized by albuminuria and progressive loss of kidney function. However, neither albuminuria nor glomerular filtration rate decline are diabetic nephropathy-specific markers, thus the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy greatly …
George Kalantzis, Michael Angelou, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou
Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and is a significant cause of new-onset blindness. Diabetic macular changes in the form of yellowish spots and full or partial thickness extravasations through the retina were observed for the first time by Eduard Jäger. In 1855, he published “Beiträge zur Pathologie des Auges” where he included his fundus paintings…