{"id":9491,"date":"2026-01-24T08:35:20","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T08:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/serum-interleukin-22-il-22-is-increased-in-the-early-stage-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-compared-to-non\/"},"modified":"2026-01-24T08:35:20","modified_gmt":"2026-01-24T08:35:20","slug":"serum-interleukin-22-il-22-is-increased-in-the-early-stage-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-compared-to-non","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/serum-interleukin-22-il-22-is-increased-in-the-early-stage-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-compared-to-non\/","title":{"rendered":"Serum interleukin-22 (IL-22) is increased in the early stage of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis compared to non-autoimmune thyroid disease and healthy controls"},"content":{"rendered":"
Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri,1<\/sup> Paola Minciullo,2<\/sup> Salvatore Saitta,2<\/sup> Salvatore Giovinazzo,1<\/sup> Rosaria Certo,1<\/sup> Alfredo Campenn\u00ec,3<\/sup> Francesco Trimarchi,1<\/sup> Sebastiano Gangemi,2<\/sup> Salvatore Benvenga1,4,5<\/sup> <\/div>\n
1<\/sup>Unit of Endocrinology, 2<\/sup>School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 3<\/sup>Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images; 4<\/sup>Master on Childhood, Adolescent and Women\u2019s Endocrine Health; University of Messina; 5Interdepartmental Program of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology & Women\u2019s Health; A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d, Messina, Italy <\/div>\n
\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n

OBJECTIVE:<\/span> Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) is considered to be a Th1-related autoimmune disease (AID). Recent studies revealed that Th17 lymphocytes (producing mostly IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22) play a major role in numerous AIDs commonly thought to be Th1 diseases. More recently, another subset of Th cells, which produce IL-22 and thus so-called Th-22, have been identified. Few data are available in the literature on the role of IL-22, the main soluble mediator of both Th17 and Th22 cells, in HT.
DESIGN:<\/span> Using IL-22 Quantikine ELISA Kit (lower limit of detection 0.7 pg\/ml), we assayed serum levels of IL-22 in three groups of subjects: newly diagnosed HT patients (n=55, 5 males and 50 females, age 38\u00b117 years), non-HT patients with nodular goiter (n=30, 4 males and 26 females, age 43\u00b114 years) and an age- and sex-matched group of healthy individuals. HT patients were euthyroid and were not receiving any treatment.
RESULTS:<\/span> HT patients showed significantly higher levels of serum IL-22 (group A, 42\u00b134 pg\/ml) as compared to non-HT-goitrous patients (18\u00b115 pg\/ml; P<0.001) and healthy controls (20\u00b113 pg\/ml; P=0.014). Serum IL-22 levels did not differ between non-HT-goitrous patients and healthy controls (p=0.496). No significant correlation was found between serum levels of IL-22 and Tg-Ab, TPO-Ab or TSH in the HT patients.
CONCLUSIONS:<\/span> Serum IL-22 is increased in newly diagnosed, untreated HT patients, as compared to thyroid autoimmune disease-free individuals. Our data suggest that IL-22 could play some role in the development of HT. <\/div>\n

\n

INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/p>\n

Hashimoto\u2019s thyroditis (HT) is worldwide the most prevalent autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and the main cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas.1,2<\/sup> It represents an archetype for organ-specific autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and is characterized by extensive inflammatory infiltration and destruction of thyroid cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody-mediated immune processes, with help from differentiated CD4+T helper cells (Th).3,4<\/sup> Among the CD4+ Th cells, two functionally distinct subsets have been identified based on their cytokine secretion profiles, namely Type 1 (Th1) and Type 2 (Th2).Th1 cells produce interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) and lymphotoxin and induce cellular responses. Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13 and promote production of antibodies.3,4<\/sup> A third subset of CD4+ cells (Th3 lymphocytes) mainly synthesize TGF-\u03b2 and are considered as a key for the regulation of the adaptive immune response, the so-called regulatory T-cells or Treg.5<\/sup> Tregs play a leading role in developing immune tolerance through active suppression, have anti-inflammatory properties and can enhance quiescence of autoimmune diseases and prolongation of transplantation.5<\/sup> Changes in number of Tregs have been reported in patients affected by AITD, suggesting their involvement in initiation and development of autoimmune thyroid disorders.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

A prevalent Th1-driven autoimmune response has been clearly recognized in HT,7<\/sup> this supported by studies where the Th1-distinctive cytokines (IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2) were measured in serum8<\/sup> and in intrathyroidal lymphocytes9,10<\/sup> of HT patients. Recently, the Th1\/Th2 paradigm has been expanded by the discovery of a novel T-cell subset, Th17 cells, which produce IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine not produced by either Th1 or Th2 CD4+ T cells. Th17 cells have recently been shown to play a major role in numerous AIDs that were previously thought to be Th1-dominant diseases, including AITD.11-14<\/sup> Moreover, an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and tissue-destructive Th17 cells and tissue-protective Tregs has been confirmed in a number of tissue-inflammatory states, including AID. The central cytokine in this balance, on the basis of mouse data, may be IL-6, which skews immune responses towards Th17 or Th1 and away from Treg phenotypes.15<\/sup><\/p>\n

Along with IL-17, Th17 cells also produce IL-22. Both cytokines exert their effects on epithelial cells in various tissues and can be protective against infections, but also become pathological in several inflammatory diseases.16-18<\/sup> IL-17 is largely pro-inflammatory and destructive.16<\/sup> IL-22 exerts pro-inflammatory effects in synergy with IL-17, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3, but it also has a regenerative and protective effect on epithelial cells; thus IL-22 is regarded as an ambivalent cytokine.17-21<\/sup> In addition to Th17 cells, a second Th cells population has been more recently identified as a major source of IL-22, so-called Th22 cells; however, Th22 cells do not secrete IL-17.18,19,22<\/sup> These two T cell lineages share the T-cell Receptor (TCR)+, CD3+, CD4+, CCR6+ phenotype. The Th22 are CCR4+ and CCR10+. Th22 cells infiltrate the epidermis in individuals with inflammatory skin disorders and seem to be implicated in the pathogenesis of several AIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (LES) and psoriasis.22,23<\/sup> Thus, there is emerging evidence that IL-22, whatever the source (Th17 or Th22 or both), is differentially involved in the development of several AIDs, such as RA, LES, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome.24-30<\/sup> Moreover, IL-22 gene knockout or inhibition of IL-22 protein considerably ameliorates AID in murine models.31,32<\/sup> Only one paper is available in the literature on the role of IL-22 in AITD.14<\/sup><\/p>\n

MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/span><\/p>\n

Patients and study design<\/span><\/p>\n

We enrolled 85 consecutive patients with overt or suspected thyroid disease referred to our outpatient clinic over a period of six months. All patients met the following criteria: 1) euthyroidism at the time of sampling; 2) no L-T4 therapy or drugs affecting thyroid function. In addition, age- and sex-matched control subjects (n=25) were also recruited after providing a history to rule out current and past thyroid illness. None of the patients or control subjects had a history of neoplastic disease and symptoms or laboratory signs of inflammatory diseases (including non-thyroid AID), asthma and other allergic disorders, active infections, diabetes mellitus or kidney failure. Each subject received a careful medical evaluation, including recording of past and current medical history and physical examination.<\/p>\n

In all patients and control subjects we performed thyroid ultrasonography (US) and measured serum free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels. HT and goiter were diagnosed by clinical, laboratory and US criteria. Thus, HT was also diagnosed in thyroid autoantibody-negative patients who met US criteria for thyroiditis, that is, a heterogeneous echo-structure with diffuse or patchy hypoechogenicity.33-35<\/sup> Other thyroid diseases which are associated with an echographic pattern of hypoechogenicity (i.e. silent or post-partum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis) were ruled out. <\/p>\n

The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from the patients and control subjects. <\/p>\n

Methods<\/span><\/p>\n

Peripheral blood samples were collected after overnight fasting from all the recruited patients and control subjects and the serum was stored at -20\u00b0C for cytokine assay. Serum levels of IL-22 were measured by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay technique by using the IL-22 Quantikine ELISA Kit according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions (R & D System, Minneapolis, USA). A microplate reader (BioRad Laboratories, Model 550, Milan, Italy), capable of measuring absorbance at 450 nm, was used to measure the intensity of color developed in each well. All assays were done in duplicate. The detection limit of the assay was 0.7 pg\/ml.Intra-assay and inter-assay CVs were less than 4.5% and 8.4%, respectively. <\/p>\n

Serum FT4, FT3 and TSH concentrations were measured by the immunoenzymatic method (commercial kits by Medical Systems, Genoa, Italy; normal values in our laboratory: 10.3-24.6 pmol\/L and 2.7-6.45 pmol\/L for FT4 and FT3, respectively; 0.4-4. 0 mU\/L for TSH). Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab were measured by the corresponding immunoradiometric assay kit by DiaSorin (Saluggia, Italy); normal values are <100 U\/mL and <10 U\/mL, respectively. The intra- or the inter-assay coefficients of variation, for all assays, were less than 5% and less than 10%, respectively.<\/p>\n

A real-time 2D apparatus (General Electric Healthcare, USA) with a 7.5-10 MHz linear transducer was used to perform thyroid US. <\/p>\n

Statistical Analysis<\/p>\n

Data are expressed as means \u00b1 SD. Differences between three or more unpaired groups were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test and between two unpaired groups by the Mann-Whitney test to compare two groups. Correlation between two variables was evaluated with Spearman\u2019s rho. The level of statistical significance was always set at p <0.05.<\/p>\n

RESULTS<\/span><\/p>\n

The characteristics of our study population are summarized in Table 1<\/a>. On the basis of the clinical, US and laboratory evidence, the patients were subdivided into three study groups. Group A included 55 HT patients; group B (or non-HT patients with nodular goiter) consisted of 30 patients affected by nodular goiter without any evidence of HT, that is, with no positivity for serum TgAb and TPOAb and no thyroid hypoechogenicity at US. Finally, group C included 25 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects, without clinical, US or biochemical evidence of thyroid disorders. As shown in Table 1<\/a>, the three groups did not differ significantly. All patients and controls were euthyroid without having L-thyroxine therapy.<\/p>\n

As shown in Figure 1 (panel A), there was a statistical difference between the three groups (P<0.001). HT patients showed significantly higher levels of serum IL-22 (group A, mean \u00b1 SD: 42 \u00b1 34 pg\/ml; median: 33; range 10-145.8) in comparison with both non-HT patients with nodular goiter (group B, mean \u00b1 SD: 18 \u00b1 15 pg\/ml; median: 12.5, range 3.2-54.7; P<0.001) and healthy controls (group C, mean \u00b1 SD: 20 \u00b1 13 pg\/ml; median: 18; range 5.37 \u2013 42.7; P=0.014) (Figure 1, panel A). Serum IL-22 levels did not differ in non-HT goitrous patients and in the healthy population (P=0.496) (Figure 1, panel A).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n



Figure 1.<\/strong> Panel A: serum levels of IL-22 in HT (Group A) and goitrous patients (Group B) and in control subjects (Group C). Panel B: group A was divided into Ab (Ab-Tg and\/or Ab-TPO) positive and Ab-negative patients. <\/p>\n

The 17 HT patients negative for thyroid autoantibodies displayed lower levels of IL-22 in comparison with Ab-Tg and\/or Ab-TPO positive patients (39\u00b124 vs<\/em> 44\u00b138 pg\/ml), but this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.799) (Figure 1, panel B). Again, IL-22 values in Ab-negative HT patients were significantly higher than in autoimmune diseases-free subjects, considering each group of patients (group B and C, respectively, P=0.001 and P=0.017) (Figure 1, panel B). Furthermore, IL-22 values in Ab-positive HT patients (i.e. excluding the Ab-negative patients) continued to be significantly higher than in the other two groups (group B and C, respectively, P=0.002 and P=0.034) (Figure 1, panel B).<\/p>\n

No significant correlation was found between IL-22 levels and serum levels of Ab-Tg and Ab-TPO in HT patients (rho = -0.066 and -0.306; P=0.693 and P=0.062, respectively) (Figure 2). The analysis was also performed separating the HT patients on the basis of the antibodies levels into strongly vs<\/em> borderline antibody positive subjects. In accordance with the reference range of our laboratory, we set a cut-off value of 250 and 300 U\/mL for Ab-Tg and Ab-TPO, respectively, to separate the patients into the two groups. There was no correlation between IL-22 and Ab-Tg in strongly Ab-Tg positive or in borderline patients (rho=0.095 and 0.165; P=0.667 and P=0.558, respectively). Similarly, there was no correlation between IL-22 and Ab-TPO in strongly Ab-TPO positive or in borderline patients (rho = 0.161 and -0.005; P=0.618 and P=0.981, respectively). Furthermore, IL-22 values did not differ in HT patients positive for both Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab as compared to HT patients with positivity for only one of them.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Figure 2.<\/strong> Correlation between IL-22 levels and serum levels of Ab-Tg (panel A) and Ab-TPO (panel B) in HT. <\/p>\n

No significant correlation was found between IL-22 levels and TSH levels in HT patients (rho=0.016; P=0.908) and in goitrous patients (rho = -0.051; P=0.790). <\/p>\n

DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

IL-22, mainly synthesized by Th17 and Th22 cells, has an important role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.14,24-30<\/sup> Recently, serum levels of IL-22 were reported to be increased in psoriasic arthritis as well as in RA and SLE and to be correlated with disease activity.25-29<\/sup> Few data are available on serum IL-22 levels in AITD. Although several studies have evaluated the possible involvement of Th17 cells in AITD,11-14<\/sup> only in one of them were serum levels of IL-22 measured.14<\/sup> In this study, Figueroa-Vega and co-workers14<\/sup> found enhanced levels of T cells synthesizing IL-17 and IL-22 in the peripheral blood of AITD patients, mainly in those with HT. Accordingly, serum levels of IL-22 were significantly higher in HT patients compared with both Graves\u2019 disease (GD) patients and healthy volunteers (P <0.05 in both cases). In addition, a stronger expression of IL-17 and IL-22 was detected, by immunohistochemistry, in the thyroid glands of HT patients (although not the same patients in whom serum levels of cytokines were measured). Furthermore, they measured the serum levels of IL-6, IL-15 and IL-23 cytokines, which are known to promote Th17 differentiation, and found that IL-6 and IL-15 levels were increased, while serum levels of IL-23 tended to be higher in the sera of HT patients. Accordingly, an enhanced in vitro<\/em> differentiation of T lymphocytes into Th17 cells induced by IL-6\/IL-23 was observed. Thus, the authors concluded that Th17 cells may play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of HT, exerting their pathogenic effect through the release of IL-17 and IL-22.14<\/sup><\/p>\n

In the present study, we measured the serum levels of IL-22 in a large series of newly diagnosed, euthyroid HT patients and compared these values with those measured in euthyroid non-HT patients with nodular goiter as well as in healthy subjects without thyroid disease. All HT patients showed serum IL-22 levels significantly higher than those of non-HT patients with nodular goiter or healthy controls, but no differences were found between goitrous patients and healthy controls. These data suggest that IL-22, whether it is produced by TH17 or Th22 or both, plays some role in the development of HT. This is an interesting finding because HT is commonly considered to be a Th1-mediated disease. Our data strongly suggest that, as in the case of other autoimmune diseases like RA or multiple sclerosis, likewise in HT, subsets of activated lymphocytes other than Th1, such as the Th17 and\/or Th22 cells, are involved in the mechanisms of inflammation and tissue damage. This is in line with data from the literature11-14<\/sup> and possibly adds an additional factor for the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of AITD. Of note, our study group consisted of newly diagnosed HT patients at a very early stage of the disease. They were all euthyroid and thus were not receiving any treatment. Thus, our findings could reflect an early autoimmune deregulation or an early step in the natural course of HT.<\/p>\n

The present results are in agreement with the evidence and hypotheses of our previous studies.36-38<\/sup> We have already demonstrated, by immunohistochemistry, a stronger expression of IL-6 in the thyroid glands of both GD and HT patients compared to goitrous patients and normal thyroid tissues obtained at autopsy.36,37<\/sup> Moreover, in HT patients IL-6 expression was positively correlated with the grade of lymphocytic infiltration.37<\/sup> In agreement with the immunohistochemical studies, we also found increased concentrations of IL-6 in sera of HT patients.38<\/sup> Overall, our data suggest a role of IL-6 in the development of HT. In light of the new data on the role of Th17-Th22 in HT, it is reasonable to postulate that the intra-thyroidal IL-6 production\/expression may induce IL-22 production by Th17 and Th22 cells, similarly to what shown in the skin.39<\/sup> Obviously, this extrapolation from peripheral blood to the intra-thyroidal environment requires experimental verification.<\/p>\n

This study has demonstrated that IL-22 serum levels were increased inHT patients as compared to autoimmune diseases-free individuals. We could not correlate IL-22 serum levels with thyroid functional status because our patients were all euthyroid. However, no significant correlation was found between IL-22 and TSH levels in this series of patients. We tested whether IL-22 concentrations correlated with the levels of anti-thyroid autoantibodies, but no correlation was found. However, other studies on peripheral blood levels of cytokines and lymphocyte subsets in AIDT also failed to identify such a correlation. For instance, in an Indian study40<\/sup> including 35 AITD patients and 10 healthy controls, serum IL-5 increased in both HT and GD patients compared to the controls. When the serum values of IL-5 were correlated with other parameters (T4, TSH and autoantibodies titre) within each group of GD or HT, no statistically significant correlation was found in any group.40<\/sup> Nor was any correlation with Ab levels mentioned in the above cited study by Figueroa-Vega, including only 18 patients (13 HT, 5 GD).14<\/sup><\/p>\n

In summary, our study confirms the conclusion of other authors14<\/sup> of the involvement of IL-22 producing cells in HT, our conclusions being based on a greater number of patients. Further investigation aimed at a better understanding of the relationship between IL-22 and the clinical course of HT should be performed in a large study population including subgroups of HT patients with both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism.<\/p>\n

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Address for correspondence:<\/strong><\/em>
Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri, MD, PhD, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Padiglione H, Policlinico Universitario \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98125 Messina, Italy, Tel.: +39-090-221.3840; Fax: +39-090-221.3518, E-mail: rmruggeri@unime.it<\/p>\n

Received 24-04-2013, Accepted 10-09-2013 <\/p><\/div>\n

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Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri,1 Paola Minciullo,2 Salvatore Saitta,2 Salvatore Giovinazzo,1 Rosaria Certo,1 Alfredo Campenn\u00ec,3 Francesco Trimarchi,1 Sebastiano Gangemi,2 Salvatore Benvenga1,4,5 1Unit of Endocrinology, 2School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 3Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images; 4Master on Childhood, Adolescent and Women\u2019s Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69,2,15],"tags":[291,103,1435,1699,1700],"class_list":["post-9491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-13-issue-3","category-journal-articles","category-volume-13","tag-autoimmune-thyroid-disease","tag-cytokines","tag-hashimotos-thyroiditis","tag-interleukin-22","tag-lymphocytes-t-helper-17-and-22-th17-and-th22"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9491","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9491"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9491\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9491"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9491"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9491"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}