alscill@tin.it<\/a><\/p>\nReceived 29-09-2012, Accepted 05-03-2013<\/p>\n
\n<\/div>\nAbstract<\/strong><\/p>\nOBJECTIVE:<\/span> To describe the biochemical effects of an over-supplementation of vitamin D3 in two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).
\nDESIGN:<\/span> Two patients (A and B) with PHPT took erroneously 2,400,000U (300,000 U\/day for 8 days) and 4,500,000U (300,000 U\/day for 15 days) of cholecalciferol, respectively. They were followed for 4 months and ionized calcium, creatinine, PTH, 25 hydroxy-vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D and urinary calcium\/creatinine levels were measured. Finally, the patients were operated on and a parathyroid adenoma was removed in both.
\nRESULTS:<\/span> One week after the last dose of vitamin D, serum ionized calcium (iCa) rose from 1.35 to 1.41 mMol\/L (n.r. 1.14-1.31) for patient A, and from 1.43 to 1.62 for patient B, while fasting urinary Calcium\/Creatinine (uCa\/Cr) augmented from 0.31 to 0.50 mg\/mg, and from 0.32 to 0.55, respectively. During the follow-up, the average levels of iCa were 1.37 \u00b1 0.03 and 1.48 \u00b1 0.07 mMol\/L, while those of uCa\/Cr were 0.29 \u00b1 0.13 and 0.32 \u00b1 0.13, both iCa and uCa\/Cr levels returning to baseline values within 4 months.
\nCONCLUSIONS:<\/span> The unintentional over-supplementation of vitamin D in the two PHPT patients caused a moderate and temporary increase of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria and was not associated with clinical signs of toxicity.<\/p>\nKey words:<\/strong> Hypercalcemia, Hypercalciuria, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Safety, Toxicity, Vitamin D<\/p>\n\n
INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\nHypovitaminosis D is common in patients with primaryhyperparathyroidism (PHPT).1,2<\/sup> Some studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may promote a marked parathyroid cell proliferation in PHPT patients,3<\/sup> whilst the maintenance or restoration of vitamin D sufficiency is capable of preventing or reversing this phenomenon.1-5<\/sup> The aforementioned considerations have been acknowledged by the recent Guidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism, that recommend the correction of vitamin D deficiency in these patients.6<\/sup> Nevertheless, vitamin D supplementation is not prescribed to patients with primaryhyperparathyroidism (PHPT) because of the concerns regarding possible exacerbation of hypercalcemia and\/or hypercalciuria.1,7-10<\/sup> Moreover, the recent review on calcium and vitamin D by the Institute of Medicine raised concerns about the safety of vitamin D supplements.11<\/sup> Consequently, data on vitamin D supplementation in PHPT are limited. We report here two patients with PHPT and vitamin D deficiency who erroneously took an over-supplementation of vitamin D3. They were followed for 4 months by evaluating the main biochemical parameters of calcium homeostasis.<\/p>\nCASE REPORT<\/strong><\/p>\nTwo women (patient A aged 53 years, BMI 28, and patient B aged 63 years, BMI 24), referred to our Endocrinology Department for hypercalcemia (patient A: total calcium 10.80 mg\/dL, patient B: 11.44), had a diagnosis of PHPT and vitamin D deficiency. According to our experience, in healthy subjects12<\/sup> a single oral dose of cholecalciferol 300,000 IU should have been prescribed, but erroneously, the two patients were given 2,400,000 IU (300,000 IU\/day for 8 days, patient A) and 4,500,000 IU (300,000 IU\/day for 15 days, patient B). The patients were followed for 4 months in our outpatient clinics and gave witnessed informed consent to data collection and examination.<\/p>\nOne week after the last dose of vitamin D, serum ionized calcium (iCa) rose from 1.35 to 1.41 mMol\/L (n.r. 1.14-1.31) for patient A, and from 1.43 to 1.62 for patient B, while fasting urinary Calcium\/Creatinine (uCa\/Cr) augmented from 0.31 to 0.50 mg\/mg, and from 0.32 to 0.55, respectively (Figure 1). During the follow-up, the average levels (Mean \u00b1 SD) of iCa were 1.37 \u00b1 0.03 and 1.48 \u00b1 0.07 mMol\/L, while those of uCa\/Cr were 0.29 \u00b1 0.13 and 0.32 \u00b1 0.13. Both iCa and uCa\/Cr levels returned to baseline values within 4 months.<\/p>\n
![](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/images\/2013-4\/Hormones_2013-598_1.jpg\")
\n
\nFigure 1.<\/span> Biochemical data of the vitamin D3 over-treatment Variations of the levels of iCa, PTH, 25OHD, 1,25(OH)2<\/sub>D and urinary Ca\/Cr during the 4 months after vitamin D loading dose in patient A (\u25cb) and B (\u25cf).<\/p>\n25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25OHD) levels rose quickly and attained values higher than 150 ng\/mL during the first month in patient B and during the second month in patient A, reaching \u226470 ng\/mL by the end of the observation period (Figure 1). PTH levels, in turn, quickly declined after the vitamin D load and began to rise again from the second month. The changes of PTH and 25(OH)D levels were significantly and negatively correlated (patient A: r = -0.71, p = 0.03; patient B: r = -0.71, p = 0.05), while no significant correlation was found between 1,25(OH)2<\/sub>D variations and changes of PTH or 25OHD levels.<\/p>\nThe patients were encouraged to markedly increase their daily water intake (more than 3 litres\/day). They did not develop any symptom or clinical sign of hypercalcemia. Serum creatinine levels did not change over time (Mean \u00b1 SD, 0.83 \u00b1 0.04 mg\/dL for patient A; 0.49 \u00b1 0.04 for patient B) and neither patient developed urolithiasis. After 4 months of vitamin D loading the patients were operated on, because of osteoporosis, and a parathyroid adenoma was removed in both. One year after surgery the patients had not developed any complication and serum, urinary and hormonal data were in the normal range.<\/p>\n
DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\nDespite medical experts\u2019 recommendation to maintain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels above 20 ng\/mL in PHPT patients,6<\/sup> vitamin D supplementation is often avoided in these patients because of fear of exacerbating hypercalcemia and\/or hypercalciuria.1,7-10<\/sup> Moreover, the recent review on calcium and vitamin D by the Institute of Medicine raised concerns about the safety of vitamin D supplementation.11<\/sup><\/p>\nIn normal subjects the threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established to date, though 25(OH)D concentration above 150 ng\/ml is sometimes associated with hypercalcemia.13<\/sup> Several factors have been implicated in individual susceptibility to vitamin D toxicity, among them Vitamin D Binding Protein levels (DBP) and their polymorphic variants,14<\/sup> as well as the amount of adipose tissue and, consequently, of fat body mass, which is the storage site of vitamin D in humans.15<\/sup> Data on vitamin D supplementation and toxicity as regards PHPT are limited, so that our patients represent an unintentional and interesting clinical model of vitamin D excess in PHPT. Their 25OHD levels above 150 ng\/mL induced only a moderate increase of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria without symptoms of hypercalcemia and\/or worsening of the renal function. However, since the most severe effects of excessive doses of vitamin D are manifest during the period of administration and we observed our patients one week after the last dose of vitamin D, we cannot exclude the probability that both serum and urinary calcium levels were higher during vitamin D administration.15<\/sup><\/p>\nThe negative correlation we found between 25OHD and PTH levels strongly suggests a vitamin D-dependent mechanism in our patients, a finding which likely could be extrapolated to normal subjects, while it also supports the hypothesis that the local 1\u03b1-hydroxylase activity of the parathyroid cells could regulate PTH synthesis and secretion.16,17<\/sup><\/p>\nThis case report confirms that PTH secretion may be modulated by vitamin D even in patients with PHPT. The unintentional over-supplementation of vitamin D caused a moderate increase of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria and was not associated with clinical signs of toxicity. Thus, our cases suggest that there is no concern involved in supplementation for vitamin D deficient PHPT patients.<\/p>\n
REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n1. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Dempster DW, Bilezikian JP, 1999 The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 107: 561-567.
\n2. Carnevale V, Manfredi G, Romagnoli E, et al, 2004 Vitamin D status in female patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: does it play a role in skeletal damage? Clin Endocrinol 60: 81-86.
\n3. Rao DS, Honasoge M, Divine GW, et al, 2000 Effect of vitamin D nutrition on parathyroid adenomaweight: pathogenetic and clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 1054-1058.
\n4. Rao DS, Agarwal G, Talpos GB, et al, 2002 Role of vitamin D and calcium nutrition in disease expression and parathyroid tumor growth in primary hyperparathyroidism: a global perspective. J Bone Miner Res 17: N75-N80.
\n5. Nordenstrom E, Westerdahl J, Lindergard B, Lindblom P, Bergenfelz A, 2002 Multifactorial risk profile for bone fractures in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 26: 1463-1467.
\n6. Eastell R, Arnold A, Brandi ML, et al, 2009 Diagnosis of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 340-350.
\n7. Woodhouse NJ, Tun Chot S, Bordier P, Sigurdsson G, Joplin GF, 1973 Vitamin D administration in primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Science 44: 3P.
\n8. Kantorovich V, Gacad MA, Seeger LL, Adams JS, 2000 Bone mineral density increases with vitamin D repletion in patients with coexistent vitamin D insufficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab 85: 3541-3543.
\n9. Bilezikian JP, 2000 Primary hyperparathyroidism. When to observe and when to operate. Endocrinol Metab Clin North America 29: 465-478.
\n10. Rankin W, 2011 Primary hyperparathyroidism – is vitamin D supplementation safe? Aust Fam Physician 40: 881-884.
\n11. Institute of Medicine 2011 Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
\n12. Romagnoli E, Mascia ML, Cipriani C, et al, 2008 Short and Long-Term Variations in Serum Calciotropic Hormones after a Single Very Large Dose of Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) or Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) in the Elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 3015-3020.
\n13. Jones G, 2008 Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 88: 582S-586S.
\n14. Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, et al, 2010 Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 376: 180-188.
\n15. Vieth R, 2007 Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science. J Bone Miner Res 22-S2: V64-V68.
\n16. Segersten U, Correa P, Hewison M, et al, 2002 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1\u03b1-Hydroxylase Expression in Normal and Pathological Parathyroid Glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 2967-2972.
\n17. Correa P, Segersten U, Hellman P, Akerstrom G, Westin G, 2002 Increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase expression in parathyroid tumors\u2014new prospects for treatment of hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 5826-5829.<\/p>\n
\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Claudia Battista, Raffaella Viti, Salvatore Minisola, Iacopo Chiodini, Vincenzo Frusciante, Alfredo Scillitani, Vincenzo Carnevale<\/p>\n
Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\nOBJECTIVE: To describe the biochemical effects of an over-supplementation of vitamin D3 in two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). DESIGN: Two patients (A and B) with PHPT took erroneously 2,400,000U …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,14],"tags":[101,1601,243,1602,1603,451],"class_list":["post-9453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-12-issue-4","category-volume-12","tag-hypercalcemia","tag-hypercalciuria","tag-primary-hyperparathyroidism","tag-safety","tag-toxicity","tag-vitamin-d"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9453"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9453\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12837,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9453\/revisions\/12837"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}