{"id":1013,"date":"2026-01-24T08:40:20","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T08:40:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/long-term-thyroid-function-after-131i-treatment-for-toxic-adenoma\/"},"modified":"2026-08-10T08:23:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T08:23:01","slug":"long-term-thyroid-function-after-131i-treatment-for-toxic-adenoma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/long-term-thyroid-function-after-131i-treatment-for-toxic-adenoma\/","title":{"rendered":"Long term thyroid function after 131I treatment for toxic adenoma"},"content":{"rendered":"
HORMONES 2002, 1(2):99-103
\nDOI: 10.14310\/horm.2002.1154<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ioanna Tzavara, Marinella Tzanela, Barbara Vlassopoulou, George Kouyioumoutzakis, Calliopi Alevizaki, Nicke C. Thalassinos<\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Department of Medical Physics, \u201cEvangelismos\u201d Hospital, Athens, Greece<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Download PDF<\/a><\/div>\n
\n

Address correspondence and requests for reprints to:<\/strong>
\nN.C. Thalassinos, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, “Evangelismos” Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou St.GR 106 75, TEL: (031) 7201825-26, FAX: (031) 7249476, email: stelmar@ath.forthnet.gr<\/a><\/p>\n

Received 15-12-2001, Revised 03-02-2002, Accepted 01-03-2002<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radioactive iodine is a widely used treatment for hyperthyroidism caused by solitary autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (toxic adenoma). The aim of this retrospective analysis is to report the long term effects of this therapy on the thyroid function of patients with toxic adenoma treated in our department. Between 1968 and 1996, 160 patients received a single dose of 131<\/sup>I (range 25-40 mCi) for hyperthyroidism caused by toxic adenoma. In 126 of these (110 females, 26 males), follow-up was feasible either in our Endocrine Outpatient Clinic or through correspondence. The mean observation period was 5.3 years (range 1-21 years, median 4.0). Post treatment evaluation revealed that: a) 57 patients became euthyroid and remained free of disease up to the last visit (mean observation period 5.76\u00b10.52 years, range 1-21 years, median 5 years), b) 69 patients developed hypothyroidism, all within 1 to 12 months (5.9\u00b10.49 months), c) persistence or recurrence of the disease (ie. thyrotoxicosis) was not observed, d) the 131<\/sup>I dose, or the 131<\/sup>I pretreatment TSH levels were not different between patients who developed hypothyroidism and those who became and remained euthyroid. CONCLUSION: 131<\/sup>I administration in the above-mentioned dose to patients with toxic adenoma: a) was a safe and very effective therapy, and b) led to hypothyroidism which developed within the first year after 131<\/sup>I administration in 55% of the patients.<\/p>\n

Key words:<\/strong> Toxic adenoma ,131<\/sup>I treatment, hypothyroidism<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

INTRODUCTION
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\nSolitary, autonomously functioning thyroid nodules are nodules clearly demarcated from the rest of the thyroid tissue, with autonomous function, independent of the physiological pituitary-thyroid feedback mechanism1<\/sup>. Autonomous hormonal secretion by the nodule suppresses pituitary TSH production, leading to various degrees of functional reduction of the remaining thyroid tissue. Thus, thyroid scintigraphy (with 131<\/sup>I or 99m<\/sup>Tc) depicts a region of increased radionuclide uptake as compared to the normal extranodular thyroid tissue (i.e. hot nodule)2,3<\/sup>. The diagnosis of toxic adenoma is established in the presence of a \u201chot\u201d thyroid nodule along with the complete suppression of the remaining thyroid tissue on scintigraphy, in combination with biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism. The natural history of a solitary, autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, is variable; in this respect, both stability in size and function and slow increase of the size with development of clinical hyperthyroidism (toxic adenoma), are possible4,5<\/sup>. In rare cases, spontaneous degeneration of the nodule may occur4,5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Treatment of toxic adenoma includes in surgical excision or ablation with 131<\/sup>I6-8<\/sup>. Both options are equally effective. Iodine administration is widely used and it has certain advantages (easy administration, avoidance of surgical intervention with potential complications, especially in the elderly), while surgery remains the treatment of choice for children and adolescents, as well as for large nodules (>3 cm)9<\/sup> which are relatively radioresistant10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In this retrospective study we present our 28-year experience of the therapeutic administration of 131<\/sup>I and its long term effects on thyroid function in patients with toxic adenoma.<\/p>\n

PATIENTS AND METHODS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Patients-methods<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Of the total number of patients with toxic adenoma treated in our Department during the period 1968 – 1996, 160 patients were treated with a therapeutic dose of 131<\/sup>I, while the remaining had surgical treatment. Radioiodine treated patients received a single therapeutic dose of 131<\/sup>I. In all patients the pertechnetate 99m<\/sup>Tc (2-3 mCi) or 131<\/sup>I (15-30 \u03bcCi) thyroid scanning revealed a solitary “hot” nodule with suppressed radioiodine uptake in the extanodular thyroid tissue. The selection of patients for 131<\/sup>I administration was based on the size of the toxic adenoma (<3 cm), unless the presence of a medical condition precluded surgery. With the exception of 20 patients treated in the initial years of our study (before 1980), all patients had received carbimazole (mean dose 15 mg daily for 4-6 months) or\/and propranolol, according to the severity of thyrotoxicosis. Most patients were given low dose antithyroid drugs for a rather long period waiting for their admittance to the special ward for radiation treatment of our department. Treatment was discontinued 5 days prior to 131<\/sup>I administration. On the day of 131<\/sup>I administration, 128 patients were euthyroid and 32 were marginally hyperthyroid with slightly increased serum total T3 and\/or suppressed TSH (the latter available in 1980) levels. Post treatment follow-up was feasible for 126 patients (100 women and 26 men with a mean age of 62.6\u00b10.9 years, 97 of them were treated between 1986 and 1996). 85 patients regularly attended our outpatient clinic, while 41 patients were traced through correspondence. For the remaining 34 patients, no follow-up information could be obtained.<\/p>\n

All 126 patients received a therapeutic dose of 25-40 mCi 131<\/sup>I (mean 33.9\u00b10.6, median 30 mCi). Patients were previously informed about the possibility of post-treatment hypothyroidism and the resulting need for life-long replacement therapy with thyroxin. Post treatment follow-up ranged from 1to 21 years, (mean 5.3\u00b10.4, median 4 years) and consisted of clinical and biochemical assessment, with TSH, T3<\/sub> and T4<\/sub> measurements, approximately every 2 months during the first year and at longer intervals afterwards, or until hypothyroidism was detected and life-long treatment with l-thyroxin was initiated. During the follow-up period, no patient had evidence of other disease on clinical grounds and routine biochemical screening, and none was taking medication known to interfere with thyroid function.<\/p>\n

Serum TSH was measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) during the 1970s, (normal range 1-10 mU\/L) an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA, International CIS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, normal range 0.5-4.5 mU\/L) from 1985-1995 and a sensitive IRMA method (Henning, Berlin, GMBH) with analytical sensitivity of 0-03 mU\/L (normal range 0.3-4.0 mU\/L) thereafter. T3<\/sub> and T4<\/sub> were measured using commercial RIA kits.<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Unpaired t-test was performed for comparisons of the means of several parameters. Probability at the 5% level (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant. All results are expressed as mean\u00b1standard error of the mean. The statistical calculations were performed with the SPSS+5 version (Statistical Package for Social Science, +5, SPSS Inc, Chicago).<\/p>\n

RESULTS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

From the 160 patients with hyperthyroidism due to toxic adenoma, none was found hyperthyroid 2 months following 131<\/sup>I treatment (1st follow up visit). From the 126 patients with long term follow up (mean 5.3\u00b10.4, median 4 years) post 131<\/sup>I administration, 69 (54.8%) developed hypothyroidism within the 1st<\/sup> post treatment year (mean 5.9\u00b10.5 months, median 4). In 22 of these individuals hypothyroidism was evident in their 1st <\/sup>follow up visit (2 months after treatment). The remaining 57 patients (45.2%), who were euthyroid at 12 months, remained so for the whole follow-up period (5.76\u00b10.5, median 5 years). No clinical and biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism and no relapse of the hyperthyroidism was observed during this period. More specifically, for 52 euthyroid patients follow-up was longer than 2 years and for 33 patients longer than 5 years.<\/p>\n

No differences were observed between patients who became hypothyroid and those who remained euthyroid after 131<\/sup>I treatment of toxic adenoma, as regards age at the time of treatment, the 131<\/sup>I dose administered, the size of the adenoma, or pre 131<\/sup>I treatment TSH levels. Of the 57 patients who remained euthyroid after treatment, 54 were euthyroid on the day of 131<\/sup>I administration, while 3 were subclinically hyperthyroid.<\/p>\n

Of the 69 patients who developed hypothyroidism, 40 (58.4%) were euthyroid on the day of 131<\/sup>I administration and 29 (41.6%) were subclinically hyperthyroid. Hypothyroidism developed earlier in patients who were euthyroid before 131<\/sup>I administration (within 3.63\u00b10.64 months) than in the subclinically hyperthyroid patients, who became hypothyroid within 6.82 \u00b10.57 months (P=0.001). No difference was found between the two patient groups of individuals with post radiation hypothyroidism as regards age at the time of treatment, 131<\/sup>I dose administered and size of the adenoma (smaller or larger than 3 cm). None of our patients developed any malignancy during the follow up period.<\/p>\n

DISCUSSION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

This retrospective analysis demonstrated that a complete cure of hyperthyroidism was achieved in 100% of the 126 patients with toxic adenoma treated with an ablative dose of 131<\/sup>I (25-40 mCi, median 30 mCi) and no recurrence was observed during a mean follow-up period of 5.3 years. Hypothyroidism developed in approximately 55% of the patients (n=69), exclusively within the first year after radioiodine treatment, while 45% of the patients (n=57) remained euthyroid for the total duration of the follow-up.<\/p>\n

The treatment rate of toxic adenomas and the frequency of post 131<\/sup>I treatment hypothyroidism vary widely, and this variability seems to correlate with the administered dose of radioiodine but not entirely (11-20, Table 1). Hence other factors must be sought for the variable responses. In the present study, we demonstrated higher treatment rates (100%) than the ones reported by others as well as higher incidence of post treatment hypothyroidism (55%), using 25-40 mCi 131<\/sup>I. O\u2019Brien et al.11<\/sup> using 19.7-100 mCi 131<\/sup>I, reported a 8.7 % recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism in 23 patients with typical toxic adenoma after 131<\/sup>I, while hypothyroidism developed in approximately 35% of the patients within 3 months to 16.3 years post-treatment. In another study of 29 patients, using 10-40 mCi, the recurrence rate was 52% and hypothyroidism developed in 17% of the subjects in 10 years and 44% in 20 years of follow-up12<\/sup>. Finally, in the study by Goldstein & Hart13<\/sup>, hypothyroidism occurred in 36% of the 23 patients followed for 8.5 years and treated with a dose of 23\u00b110 mCi. The lower treatment rate and incidence of post treatment hypothyroidism in the above studies as compared to our results, could be attributed to the lower dose of 131<\/sup>I used, to the fact that some patients were on antithyroid drugs before 131<\/sup>I treatment, and to the fact that patients with \u201chypotoxic\u201d nodule were included. It should be stressed that in one study a dose of 131<\/sup>I of 10-15 mCi resulted in persistence or relapse of the hyperthyroidism in 100% of the patients (15, Table 1). This observation is in concordance with the well known radioresistance of adenomatous tissue due to the presence of medium and large follicles with much more colloid which reduces the effect of beta-radiation of 131<\/sup>I on the follicular cells10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"<\/p>\n

The finding that in our patients who were subclinically hyperthyroid on the treatment day, post radiation hypothyroidism developed less frequently and also later, as compared to patients who were euthyroid, can be explained by the protective effect of the functional suppression of the extranodular thyroid tissue by the hyperfunctioning toxic adenoma leading to a lower iodine uptake of the normal thyroid cells at the time of the 131<\/sup>I administration. The lack of correlation between TSH levels immediately before treatment and the development of hypothyroidism is probably due to the less sensitive radioimmunoassays for TSH determination during the early years of the study (before 1990). However, most of the patients in our study that remained euthyroid were euthyroid on the 131<\/sup>I treatment day (54 out of 57) and presumably with normal 131<\/sup>I uptake potential. Thus the avoidance of hypothyroidism in almost half of our patients can be only partially attributed to the above mentioned protective effect6,7,20<\/sup>. Apart from the incomplete suppression of the extranodular normal thyroid, or the possibility of some 131<\/sup>I uptake by the thyroid tissue which appeared suppressed on the scanning21<\/sup>, other factors participate in the development of hypothyroidism as well. It has also been proposed that autonomously functioning micronodules which may accompany toxic adenoma may degenerate and predispose to hypothyroidism post 131<\/sup>I8,22<\/sup>. Finally, hypothyroidism may be part of the natural history of toxic adenoma due to autoimmune dysfunction of the extranodular thyroid tissue3 <\/sup>as it is shown that patients with antithyroid antibodies have a higher incidence of hypothyroidism post 131<\/sup>I18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In accordance with others13<\/sup>, post treatment hypothyroidism in our patients did not correlate with the adenoma size, patient\u2019s age or 131<\/sup>I dose. None of our patients developed any malignancy during the follow-up period, in agreement with reports of no increased risk for thyroid malignancy23<\/sup>, other cancers24<\/sup>, and leukemia25<\/sup> post 131<\/sup>I treatment.<\/p>\n

The main argument against the use of 131<\/sup>I versus the surgical approach in the treatment of toxic adenoma is the possible coexistence of thyroid cancer. Nevertheless our data26<\/sup> and those of others27-29<\/sup>, indicate that such a risk is very low (\u00bb1.5 %), although rates as high as 2.5-5.4% have been reported30-31<\/sup>. It should be noted that the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the general population following operation or post mortem is reported to range from 0.11%32 to 2.8%33<\/sup>. Nevertheless, lobectomy, which is the surgical treatment of choice for toxic adenoma, offers only partial protection due to the well documented multifocality, especially in papillary carcinoma where microscopical foci of cancer are detected in the opposite lobe in 30-82% of patients34<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, our findings suggest that treatment of toxic adenoma with 131<\/sup>I in the dose of 25-40 mCi is a well tolerated therapy, with no side effects, leading to rapid relief of hyperthyroid symptoms. Hypothyroidism is a permanent disease that needs life long treatment and regular follow-up once or twice a year, but it cannot be considered a major side effect, as the replacement therapy with thyroxine is easy, safe and cost-free. In addition, the observation that hypothyroidism in all our patients developed within one year post treatment is of major importance. Since our follow-up is 1-21 years, we suggest that if hypothyroidism does not develop within the first year, the likelihood of developing it later is very small, so that follow- up visits should be less frequent past the first year.<\/p>\n


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\n34. Siperstein AE, & Clark OH. 1996 Carcinoma of follicular epithelium. Surgical therapy. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD eds. Werner & Ingbar\u2019s The Thyroid Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 916-922.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ioanna Tzavara, Marinella Tzanela, Barbara Vlassopoulou, George Kouyioumoutzakis, Calliopi Alevizaki, Nicke C. Thalassinos<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Download PDF<\/a><\/div>\n

Radioactive iodine is a widely used treatment for hyperthyroidism caused by solitary autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (toxic adenoma). The aim of this retrospective analysis is to report the long term effects of this therapy on the thyroid function of patients with toxic adenoma treated in our department. Between 1968 and 1996…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,3],"tags":[147,120,146],"class_list":["post-1013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-1-issue-2","category-volume-1","tag-131i-treatment","tag-hypothyroidism","tag-toxic-adenoma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1013"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12644,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013\/revisions\/12644"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1013"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1013"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peaceful-mccarthy.213-158-90-25.plesk.page\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1013"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}